Summer Training Report on Delhi Transco Limited Essay Example For Students

Summer Training Report on Delhi Transco Limited Essay LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT Report on Summer Training TITLE: Analysis of financial statement In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of Degree of Master of Business Administration Submitted by: Sweta kumari 10904523 DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY PHAGWARA Certificate by the Guide Certificate that this dissertation is based on an original project study by sweta kumara under my guidance. This has not formed basics for the award of any Degree/Diploma by any university. Place : Phagwara(Punjab) Guide Signature (Mr. Harendra ) Student Declaration I declare that the project titled ‘ ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT’is an original project done by me and no part of the project is taken from any other project or materials published or otherwise or submitted earlier to any other Collage or university. Student Signature Acknowledgement I take this opportunity to present my votes of thanks to all those guidepost who really acted as lightening pillars to enlighten our way throughout this project that has led to successful and satisfactory completion of this study. We will write a custom essay on Summer Training Report on Delhi Transco Limited specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We are really grateful to our guide MR. HARENDRA sir for providing us with an opportunity to undertake this project in this university and providing us with all the facilities. We are highly thankful to Mr. D. N. SONDHI and Mr. R. P. AGRAWAL and Mr. D. K. Mishra for there active support, valuable time and advice, whole-hearted guidance, sincere cooperation and pains-taking involvement during the study and in completing the assignment of preparing the said project within the time stipulated. Lastly, We are thankful to all those, particularly the various friends , who have been instrumental in creating proper, healthy and conductive environment and including new and fresh innovative ideas for us during the project, their help, it would have been extremely difficult for us to prepare the project in a time bound framework. List of Content †¢ Introduction 1. Introduction Of Company 2. Introduction Of Topic †¢ Research Objectives †¢ Methodology of data collection and tools †¢ Limitations †¢ Analysis and interpretation of data Findings †¢ Conclusion †¢ References LOGO OF DELHI TRANSCO LTD. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The project title’ ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT’ is chosen by me for my project in Delhi Transco limited. A budget is a document that translates plans into money money that will need to be spent to get your planned activities done (expenditure) and money that will need to be generated to cover the costs of getting the w ork done (income). It is an estimate, or informed guess, about what you will need in monetary terms to do your work. The budget is an essential management tool. for my project report I have taken approved budget of this particular company for last two year 2008-09 and 2009-2010. for this purpose I have taken these steps- 1. Selected approved balance sheet of both the last year 2. Then selected department wise approved budget. 3. Then selected cash flow statement 4. Then selected income statement 5. Firstly I have calculated variance and percentage change in variance 6. Analyze the outcomes of the above calculations. Introduction Electricity plays a vital role in our day-to-day life. It powers our houses, industries, hospitals and in fact our entire economy. Electricity  (from the  New Latin  electricus, amber-like) is a general term that encompasses a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of  electric charge. When we consider electricity, we usually think of electric power, and thats how well use the term here. Electricity is energy, and energy can do work. Electric power, electricity, is used to do things for us, and no modern society exists without it. Electricity is generated at places where it is economical and advantageous to do so, and is transported to places of use through the power grid. Historically speaking the modern electricity industry utility system was first introduced to the world on the opening of Thomas Edison’s Pearl Street Electricity Generating Station on September 4th, 1882 at New York (United States of America). Insofar as Delhi is concerned, the position is that as per available records, the first diesel Power Station was established in Delhi in the year 1905 when private English Company by name M/s. John Fleming was given permission to generate electricity under the provisions of the Indian Electricity Act 1903. The above mentioned Company was given the responsibility both of generation and distribution of power in a limited manner. That Company after obtaining license nder the provisions of Electricity Act 1903 had set up a small 2 MW Diesel set at Lahori Gate in Old Delhi. Later on, this very Company was converted as Delhi Electricity Supply and Traction Company. In the Year 1911, the power generation was augmented by Steam Generation Station. In the year 1932, the management of Central Power House was handed over to New Delhi Municipal Committee (NDMC). In the field of power generation and distribution, a major break through was achieved in 1939 when Delhi Central Electricity Power Auth ority (DCEPA) was established. This Company was responsible for the supply of power to the areas covered by Local Bodies, namely, the Municipal Committees of Delhi, West Delhi and South Delhi, the Notified Area Committees of  Red fort,  Civil Lines, Mehrauli, Najaf Garh, and the District Board of Delhi. The supply of electricity to the Municipal Committees of Delhi-Shahdara and the Notified Area of Narela was done by different private agencies. In 1947 DCEPA took over a Private Limited Company by name Delhi electric Supply traction Company Limited. Promulgation of Electricity (Supply)Act 1948:-   In the year 1948,   electricity (Supply) Act 1948 came into force, which inter-alia provided   for the constitution of an electricity Board in the States that was to function as a vertically integrated electricity utility in the entire State, undertaking all the functions of activities related to electricity, which included electricity generation, transmission, distribution, supply,   planning coordination and also was to act as regulatory authority for carrying out other functions incidental and ancillary thereto. In other words, the Electricity (Supply) Act 1948 was entitled to become a monopolistic undertaking in the field of electricity control by an instrument of the state and not by private sector. The principal objective behind the above policy decision of the Government of India in providing for the constitution of State electricity to all, particularly in semi-urban and rural areas because till then the availability of electricity was confined to urban areas and was mainly served by private electricity distribution licenses issued under the Indian electricity Act 1910. Formation of Delhi State Electricity Board: In pursuance of the provisions of the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, in Delhi, in the year 1951 the Delhi State Electricity Board (DSEB) came into existence and the responsibility of generation and distribution of electricity was taken over by DSEB from DCEPA. The entire staff of DCEPA and other agencies was absorbed by DSEB under the existing terms conditions of service. Formation of Delhi Electric Supply undertaking by promulgation of DMC Act 1957:-  Ã‚   After the promulgation of the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act 1957, the DSEB was dissolved and the functions of DSEB were taken over by Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking (DESU), which came into existence in 1958. After the formation DESU, the generation and distribution of electricity to all the areas of Delhi came under DESU and the employees of erstwhile DSEB were also absorbed by DESU. Constitution of Delhi Vidyut Board:   Ã‚   The Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi vide notification No. F. 11 (10)/92-LSG /PF (II) dated 24. 02. 1997, issued under the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, constituted a separate Electricity Board, i. e. the Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB) for the NCT of Delhi w. e. f. 24. 02. 1997 for the purpose of generation and distribution of power to the entire are of NCT of Delhi except the areas falling within the jurisdiction of NDMC and Delhi Cantonment Board. Practical difficulties in the working of Delhi Vidyut Board:-  Ã‚   The activities of Delhi Vidyut Board from its inception, and as a matter of fact even prior thereto when the activities were being undertaken by DESU, were not financially viable on account of several factors affecting the electricity industry including the high level of losses in the system and the revenues being not able to meet the cost with result that like other State electricity Boards, Delhi vidyut Board suffered operating deficit in aggregate to the tune of Rs. 2,386. 72 crore during the period from 1995-96 to 2000-01. In addition the Delhi Vidyut Board was required to make adequate provision for bad and doubtful debts. The cumulative effect of all these factors was that the Delhi Vidyut Board was not in a position to meet its financial obligations and commitments including the payment for power purchased from generation companies   and suppliers, such NTPC Limited,   Nuclear Power Corporation Limited, national Hydroelectric Corporation Limited,etc. Unbundling of Delhi Vidyut Board in six entities:   Ã‚   In the recent for alleviating the concerns of consumers in the power sector, some reforms started gaining momentum. In that very direction with a view to safeguard the overall interests of the consumers GNCTD took some policy initiatives as as a result of which DVB was split into six Companies, viz. ,   BSES Rajdhani Power Limited, BSES Yamuna Power Limited, North Delhi Power Limited, Delhi   Transco Limited,   Indraprastha Power Generation Company Limited, and Delhi Power Company Limited, as per the provisions contained in Delhi electricity reform Act 2000 read with Delhi Electricity Reform (Transfer Scheme) Rules 2001. Goal Sarvebhavantu sukhinah(good to all) Vision Global power in power sector Values Corporate ethics ,trust and commitment learning and development result and exelence ,organizational pride Moto Our pride – stake holder delight Mission To establish operate and maintain secure EHVnetwork on sound commercial principle integarating HRD,RP,Process reengineering ,creating interactual power maximizing stakeholder delight   Present Scenario: The role of Delhi Transco Limited is confined to arrange and provide transmission network of 400 KV and 220 KV source from Northern Grig. The present infrastructure for this purpose under 400 KV systems is 4,725 MVA (2520 MVA with DTL and 2205 with Power Grid Corporation). As against this, 220 KV sub Stations have the capacity of 6,300 MVA is available for Delhi.. Achievements †¢ Delhi Transco limited embarked on yatra and ODC with a vision to create global power in power sector. †¢ Vision ,mission statement with goal and values were defind †¢ DTL,has earned profit Rs. 9. 8 cr. as dividend to the gov. †¢ ERP cell estabilished for implementation of ERP project †¢ DTL as been assigned credit rating of A+ by agencies FITCH and CRISIL †¢ DTL raised 200 cr. successfully through delhi Transco bonds. Future Plans: In the 11th Plan ending 2011-12 the transmission capacity is proposed to be augmented to meet the future requirements. Under 400 KV system, it is proposed to establish new Sub Stations at Mundka, South-East Delhi near Mandi village and East Loni Road   with a capacity of 630 MVA each by DTL and also increase the capacity of existing sub-Station at Maharani Bagh by 630 MVA b Power Grid Corporation of India Limited. Similarly, under 220 KV system, augmentation and new addition in capacity to the tune of 1660 MVA under the existing Sub Stations is proposed. Further, new Sub Station at DSIDC Bawana-II (320MVA), Chandrawal (200 MVA), Jhatikara More (320 MVA),. Ridge Valley   (320 MVA),  Ã‚   Rohini-II   (480 MVA),   Sultanpuri   (320 MVA), Electric lane (200 MVA),   Trauma Centre (200 MVA),   Wazirpur Industrial Area   (320   MVA) and IGI Airport   (320 MVA ) are proposed to be established. Thus, the capacity of 2520 MVA and 5940 MVA will be added in the 400 KV system and 220 KV system, respectively. To sum up, by 2011-12 transformation capacity of 8460 MVA will be added and a total capacity of 19485 MVA will be available to Delhi Delhi Transco limited substations |Parameters |400KV Level |220KV Level | |No. of Subatations |2 |24 | |Transmission Capacity (in MVA) |3150 |6760 | |Transmission Lines (length in Ckt. Km. ) |227 |575 | Board of directors |NAME |DESIGNATION | |Mr. Rakesh mehta |CMD | |Sh. R. K. Narayan |DIRECTOR | |Sh. V. V. Bhat |DIRECTOR | |Sh. Dharmendra |DIRECTOR | | Sh. Vijay Dev |DIRECTOR | |Sh. A K Kaul |DIR(OPERATION) | |Sh. Raj K. Saxena |DIR(HR) | Departments of delhi Transco limited There are 18 department of Delhi Transco Limited. Different departments plays different role in delhi Transco Limited. †¢ CMD secretariats †¢ Director operation †¢ HR consolidated †¢ Commercial and reform †¢ Finance consolidated †¢ Company secretary †¢ Planning †¢ Stores †¢ Legal †¢ Civil †¢ Construction †¢ OM consolidated †¢ IT †¢ Medical †¢ PRO †¢ CWG(1) †¢ CWG(2) †¢ SLDC †¢ CMD secretariats Delhi Transco limited divided its different types of works under different departments. These different departments do there concern work so there should maintain proper management inside the organization. CMD secretariat include CMD and all the top level management. †¢ Director operation This particular department includes director of operation and all the activities related to operation and its proper management. An operation traditionally refers to the production of goods and services separately, although the distinction between these two main types of operations is increasingly difficult to make as manufacturers tend to merge product and service offerings. More generally, Operations Management aims to increase the content of value-added activities in any given process. Fundamentally, these value-adding creative activities should be aligned with market opportunity (see  Marketing) for optimal enterprise Performance. According to the U. S. Department of Education, Operations Management the physical and/or technical functions of a firm or organization, particularly those relating to development, production, and manufacturing. Operations Management programs typically include] instruction in principles of general management, manufacturing and production systems, plant management, equipment maintenance management, production control, industrial labor relations and skilled trades supervision, strategic manufacturing policy, systems analysis, productivity analysis and cost control, and materials planning. Objectives of operations management can be categorized into customer service and resource utilization. †¢ HR consolidated This parti cular department is responsible for all the work related to HR(human resource management). Departments are the entities organizations form to organize people, reporting relationships, and work in a way that best supports the accomplishment of the organizations goals. The forward thinking human resource department is devoted to providing effective policies, procedures, and people-friendly  guidelines and support  within companies. Additionally, the human resource function serves to make sure that the company mission, vision, values or guiding principles, the company metrics, and the factors that keep the company guided toward success are optimized. Note that some people distinguish a difference between HRM (a major management activity) and HRD (Human Resource Development, a profession). Those people might include HRM in HRD, explaining that HRD includes the broader range of activities to develop personnel inside of organizations, including, e. g. , career development, training, organization development, etc. †¢ Commercial and reform This particular department deal all the topic related to commerce and commercial papers . Commercial may refer to: ? Advertising, commercial messages ? Radio advertisement, via the medium of radio Television advertisement, via the medium of television ? Commerce, the voluntary exchange of goods, services, or both ? Trade, the trading of something of economic value such as goods, services, information or money ? Finance consolidated The Finance Department is responsible for the financial functions and activities of the Council and for the administration of the Councils fiscal policy. The role an d functions of the Finance Department of the  Delhi Transco limited is- †¢ Preparation and compilation of Budget estimates, revised estimates †¢ Administration of the Consolidated Fund and Contingency fund of the state. Control of expenditure and economy measures. †¢ Audit and Accounts. †¢ Matters related to creation of posts, fixation of pay and grants-in-aid. †¢ Financing of Five year Plans and expenditure sanctions relating to Plan and Non-Plan Schemes of all departments. †¢ Loans and advances. †¢ Exercise of financial powers delegated by the Governor in case where such powers have not been specifically delegated to other departments and authorities. †¢ Company secretary †¢ A  company secretary  is a senior position in a private  company  or public organization, normally in the form of a managerial position or above. .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4 , .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4 .postImageUrl , .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4 , .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4:hover , .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4:visited , .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4:active { border:0!important; } .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4:active , .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4 .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue4441d3705be929190de570cabae38d4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Women And Spirituality (961 words) EssayIn the United States it is known as a  corporate secretary. †¢ The Company Secretary is responsible for the efficient administration of a company, particularly with regard to ensuring compliance with statutory and regulatory requirements and for ensuring that decisions of the Board of Directors are implemented. †¢ Planning Planning  in  organizations  and  public policy  is both the organizational process of creating and maintaining a  plan; and the psychological process of  thinking about the activities required to create a desired goal on some scale. As such, it is a fundamental property of  intelligent behavior. This thought process is essential to the creation and refinement of a  plan, or integration of it with other plans, that is, it combines  forecasting  of developments with the preparation of scenarios of how to react to them. An important, albeit often ignored aspect of planning, is the relationship it holds with  forecasting. Forecasting  can be described as predicting what the future will look like, whereas planning predicts what the future should look like. †¢ Stores The complete control on the materials is vested in the Stores Department. The field of materials Management covers the following functions. †¢ Materials planning and programming of procurement and supplies. †¢ Purchasing †¢   Inventory control †¢ Storekeeping and warehousing †¢   Ã‚  Materials handling and transportation †¢   Codification and standardization †¢   Value Analysis †¢ Legal The legal department of a business handles legal issues which may come up in the course of business, ranging from drafting waiver forms for employees to handling lawsuits from angry customers. Many large companies have a legal department; smaller companies may choose to keep a lawyer or a staff of lawyers on retainer, ensuring that they have rapid access to legal knowledge when they need it. Customers often find themselves interacting with the legal department, especially when they file complaints or indicate that they believe a business is not being operated within the law. †¢ Civil The Civil Division has a major role in providing legal advice on a wide range of legal issues on civil matters to all government bureaus and departments. The division also represents the government in the conduct of all civil claims and disputes involving the government. The Civil Division comprises four major units: †¢ Advisory †¢ Civil Litigation †¢ Commercial †¢ Planning, Environment, Lands Housing †¢ Construction This particular department handle different types of construction work related to company. Planning and designing building network to provide optimized connectivity to residential and non-residential govt. buildings of different departments. This department also responsible for Construction, renovation, upgradation and maintenance of residential and non-residential govt. uildings of different departments. †¢ OM Consolidated This particular department responsible for all the work related to operation and proper maintenance inside the organization. and this particular department responsible for proper maintenance of transformers and different grids. †¢ OM services are guided by the needs and demand of electricity †¢ Daily operation and maintenance of the plant †¢ Complete plant staffing †¢ Planned and unplanned maintenance services, including parts †¢ Local and remote monitoring and diagnostics Comprehensive training †¢ Environmental health and safety programs †¢ Site documentation and procedure development †¢ Switchgear maintenance and managemen †¢ IT Department of Information Technology is working to put technology to its highest and best use throughout Delhi Transco limited Department/Autonomous bodies to improve the administration of state programmes and services. Proving guidance on technical matters to departments, vetting IT projects and taking department on achieving IT Road Map are the basic jobs of Information Technology Department. †¢ Medical Department of Medical Health and Family Welfare is committed to provide high quality, affordable and accessible, preventive, curative, promotive and comprehensive health care services to the people of Uttar Pradesh with special focus to the disadvantaged population †¢ PRO †¢ Public relations have been defined as the interaction of a business with its customer base, and or with prospective customers. This interaction can take various forms, which may include events such as trade shows, marketing promotions, customer relations initiatives and other such efforts in which the business and the public interacts. CWG( most recent project) The following are some of the positive outcomes of a successful public relations department: †¢ Attract attention to a company and raise its visibility in a competitive market niche †¢ Generate interest in and enthusiasm for a companys goods and or services †¢ Create buzz when a company introduces new products or services when peo ple begin to talk about the business, word of mouth can serve as the ideal form of advertising. †¢ Enhance the credibility of a company and polish its image. Defuse a crisis if and when it occurs, minimizing its potential damage. †¢ SLDC There are multiple agencies within a state engaged in generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity. State Load Dispatch Centre monitors these operations and keeps the account of quantity of electricity transmitted through the state grid. SCADA is a part of it. Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition System (SCADA) is a high tech computer system with associated communication network that enables supervision and control of power system network. Demand for power is increasing very fast due to continual improvement in quality of urban life style as well as expansion of industrial sector. The rapid increase in demand for power is associated with growing level of power system network complexity in terms of need for unified grid operation while maintaining the operational parameters. Further increased openness in the power sector economy has put additional pressure on the power companies to manage the power system resources in the most optimum manner within regulatory constraints imposed by Regulator. To meet the above challenges the need for a Real Time SCADA system in any modern power system utility is indispensable. †¢ The direct benefits of a modern SCADA system are: †¢ Constant access to Real Time picture of entire network showing power system voltage, frequency, MW, MVAR, etc. †¢ Supervision, monitoring and control of power in Real Time. †¢ Optimal operation of power system, i. e. generation and associa ted resources. †¢ Review of literature 1. According to Utpal Bhaskar (aug 3,2010)  Delhi Transco Ltd  and the state government had assessed 4,450MW of power demand in the Capital during the CWG in October. Aug. 03NEW DELHI The governments plans to create a sizeable cushion to tide over any power shortage that could arise during the Commonwealth Games (CWG) suffered a setback following a delay in commissioning two proposedSunitsSof 500MW each. The government, which had initially envisaged surplus power availability of 1,200MW, is still confident that it will be able to manage demand. 2. According to Bhadra sinha( feb 15 ,2010) In a setback to Delhi Government’s power ministry, the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity has slapped a fine of Rs 2. lakh on its generating unit (Delhi Transco Limited) for overdrawing power from the grid on four occasions between January and October 2008. Asking the CERC to review UI rates every six months, the tribunal said: â€Å"The UI rates below 50 Hz frequency need to be so fixed as to discourage over-draws. In our view, existing UI rates do not achieve this purpose, as the frequency is likely to slide down rapidly to dangerous levels due to over- draws, under low frequency levels. † 3. According to Accord Fintech. (  Feb 1, 2010. Areva TD India  Ltd  has informed BSE regarding a Press Release dated February 01, 2010 titled Areva awarded 2 major GIS Substations orders by  Delhi Transco Ltd(DTL)Press Release:AREVAs Transmission and Distribution (TD) division has recently won two major Orders from the  Delhi Transco Ltd  (DTL) for 220/33 kV GIS Substations, to be in stalled at f Mathur Lane and AIIMS trauma Centre in  Delhi  Both turnkey orders include Design, Engineering, Manufacturing, Testing and Commissioning of 220/33kv Substation Packages. Delhi Transco Limited (DTL) is the State Transmission utility for the National CapitalTerritory of Delhi. It is responsible for the transmission of power at 220kv and 400 kV level and for upgrading, operating and maintaining the Extra High Voltage network. The existing network of DTL consists of a 400KV ring around the periphery of Delhi interlinked with the 220KV network spread all over the city. 4. According to Anil Sasi (December 20, 2003) in his article, For most Indians it will sound like an impossible dream. Imagine having a choice of companies from which to buy electricity. Imagine urban India with fewer power blackouts and no need for equipment like inverters and voltage stabilisers. Its tough to imagine, But a brighter future could be closer than anybody imagines. Take a look at how Mumbai-based power giant BSES (its name will soon be changed to Reliance Energy) sees the future. Last month, BSES applied for permission to supply power to the NDMC area of Delhi the part where the prime minister and all the politicians live. BSES plans to set up parallel lines in the district and compete with the New Delhi Municipal Council, which supplies power in the district currently. BSES has other high-voltage plans for the future. It has already kicked up a storm by applying for permission to supply power to south Mumbai where it will compete with the Bombay Electric Supply and Transport Undertaking. BSES would, however, have to set up its own parallel network in the BEST area since the new Electricity Act 2003 does not allow utilities to use lines where a local body (BEST is an independent body under Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation) is the sole power supplier. . According to Himanshi Dhawan, ( Aug 14, 2010) With a spate of reports indicating corruption in Commonwealth Games projects and contracts, the Central Information Commission (CIC) has asked Delhi government and NDMC to put online information related to tenders, work awarded, consultants appointed and deadlines. CWG contracts and tenders have come under the scanner with CAG and CVC closely looking at the tenders awarded by agencies like PWD, NDMC and CPWD. 6. According to Bharti vohara(july13,2010) New Delhi,  (IANS) The Delhi cabinet Monday decided to meet the long-pending demand of the teachers of its technical institutions and polytechnics for pay scales as per the recommendations of the Sixth Pay Commission. At a meeting chaired by Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit, the cabinet also decided to convert a loan of Rs. 239 crore into equity of Delhi Transco Limited (DTL), keeping in view its planned capital expenditure for the October Commonwealth Games. . According to Varun yadav(feb 25,2009) Electricity can be derived from a number of sources these days and the call for renewable technology in response to environmental pressures means the list is getting longer. Coal, gas-fired or nuclear generation stations have been the primary methods so far but wind, wave or solar power are beginning to make their mark. The measurement of kV, at which electricity is generated, varies around the world from country to country, region to region. A review of power generation and distributed and the effect it might have on power quality (alongside other environmental, political and social unrest that may have an effect) has a baring on the size and type of uninterruptible power supply that may be ideally suitable to an installation. 8. By Atmanand (aug 9,2010) Delhi was the second state after Orissa to privatise the distribution sector. Since the transmission period ended three years ago, an assessment of Delhis power reforms experience would be in order, especially to see how far it meets the objectives of the Electricity Act 2003. A key objective of Delhis power sector reforms was to make the distribution sector financially sustainable. The Delhi Vidyut Boards annual financial losses had reached a staggering Rs 1,200 crore when it was privatised. 9. By Joseph C. Bright (18 NOV,2009) The Pennsylvania Supreme Court held that after deregulation of the electricity industry, charges by a distribution company for the transmission of electricity and for stranded costs are taxable for Sales and Use Tax purposes. Apparently, the General Assembly made a mistake in the Competition Act. Notwithstanding its general intention not to shift the burdens among classes of users, it failed to amend the definition of electricity for Sales and Use Tax purposes to include in the tax base charges by a distributor, while it did include them for Gross Receipts Tax purposes in the RNR Tax. In rescuing the General Assembly from its error, the Supreme Court made strikingly incorrect statements about tax law which, if taken seriously, will come back to haunt taxpayers, the government, and the courts alike. 10. By Nishtha Chugh(aug 14,2004) The 10 million inhabitants of the National Capital Territory of Delhi have reeled under power cuts every summer for decades. Two years after the privatisation of the Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB), nothing seems to have changed. Ironically, Delhi residents are unaware of a key fact: barring the occasional disruption, the new private distributors who supply electricity to the countrys capital have had surplus power to draw from all summer. The peak demand for power this year was easily met even though it rose by nearly 6. 8 per cent to the highest level in the last 10 years. There is more: transmission losses recorded by Delhi Transco Limited (DTL), the State transmission utility, have actually halved since last year. Research design Problem definition †¢ To know about the reason behind the static growth of the company . †¢ To know about the working process of the company. †¢ To know about the expension of the company. Objective of the study The main objective of my Project study which is being conducted by me for the last 1 and half month are as follow- †¢ To know about the over all financial condition of the company To know about the financial changes within the organization year by year. †¢ To know about the impact of financial condition on the profitability of company Research methodology It is a descriptive type of research which is of empirical ,quantitative and historical nature. Primary data It is a live data which I have collected from the finance department and by interaction with the employes in different department sp ecially finance department. The main source of primary data for my project was questioner and personal interview. Primary data will help in interpretation of the problem and drawing conclusions. Secondary data Secondary data will be another important source of data on which the present dissertation is based. I have collected the secondary data from various published and unpublished sources. The researcher used following sources for collection of secondary data I. Internet Browsing. II. Various Research Journals and Newspapers. III. Articles Limitation 1. The topic under study has wider scope and implications. This cannot be fully comprehended in the short period available in view of complex and dynamic environment. 2. Lack of access to company specific information. 3. The data used is historical i. e. the financial statements used for the study Research schedule It’s a six week training in this particular company. Work plan Time devoted to this project will be 6 weeks 1. Collection of data for couple of weeks. 2. Analysis of data for a week 3. Interpretation of data for couple of weeks 4. Written Presentation of findings and recommendations: a couple of weeks. Analysis and interpretation of data Acid Test ratio:A stringent test that indicates  whether a firm has enough short-term assets to cover its immediate liabilities without selling inventory. .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4 , .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4 .postImageUrl , .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4 , .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4:hover , .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4:visited , .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4:active { border:0!important; } .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4:active , .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4 .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud221e32f1e0fd05c700c1e1cdeef7da4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teenage Pregnancy EssayThe acid-test ratio is far more strenuous than the working capital ratio, primarily because the working capital ratio allows for the inclusion of inventory assets. Interpretation Companies with ratios of less than 1 cannot pay their current liabilities and should be looked at with extreme caution. Furthermore, if the acid-test ratio is much lower than the working capital ratio, it means current assets are highly dependent on inventory. In above mention graph it is reflecting that company Acid Test ratio is constantly lesser than industry ratio and from 2005 to 2007 its in decline phase in comparison to 2008-09 period. In later phase company shows some consolidation in its liquidity position. Current ratio:A liquidity ratio that measures a companys ability to pay short-term obligations. Current ratio: Current asset/ Current liability Also known as liquidity ratio, cash asset ratio and cash ratio Interpretation: The ratio is mainly used to give an idea of the companys ability to pay back its short-term liabilities (debt and payables) with its short-term assets (cash, inventory, receivables). The higher the current ratio, the more capable the company is of paying its obligations. A ratio under 1 suggests that the company would be unable to pay off its obligations if they came due at that point. While this shows the company is not in good financial health, it does not necessarily mean that it will go bankrupt as there are many ways to access financing but it is definitely not a good sign. The current ratio can give a sense of the efficiency of a companys operating cycle or its ability to turn its product into cash. Companies that have trouble getting paid on their receivables or have long inventory turnover can run into liquidity problems because they are unable to alleviate their obligations. Because business operations differ in each industry, it is always more useful to compare companies within the same industry. This ratio is similar to the acid-test ratio except that the acid-test ratio does not include inventory and prepaids as assets that can be liquidated. The components of current ratio (current assets and current liabilities) can be used to derive working capital (difference between current assets and current liabilities). In above mention graph is stating that company current ratio is lower than 1 through out the period as well as it is quit low in comparison to industry. Hence company should be more cautious for its short term liabilities. An accounting measure used to quantify a firms effectiveness in extending credit as well as collecting debts. The receivables turnover ratio is an activity ratio, measuring how efficiently a firm uses its assets . Account Receivable turnover : Net Credit Sales/Average accounts receivables Interpretation By maintaining accounts receivable, firms are indirectly extending interest-free loans to their clients. A high ratio implies either that a company operates on a cash basis or that its extension of credit and collection of accounts receivable is efficient. A low ratio implies the company should re-assess its credit policies in order to ensure the timely collection of imparted credit that is not earning interest for the firm. In above graph company ratio is quit higher than industry norms it means company have very strong credit policy and they need to follow that in more proper manner. In graph of collection receivables its clearly showing that company is performing far better than industry in term of collection days. Inventory turnover ratio: A ratio showing how many times a companys inventory is sold and replaced over a period. Sales/ Inventory :cost of good sales/average inventory Interpretation Although the first calculation is more frequently used, COGS (cost of goods sold) may be substituted because sales are recorded at market value, while inventories are usually recorded at cost. Also, average inventory may be used instead of the ending inventory level to minimize seasonal factors. This ratio should be compared against industry averages. A low turnover implies poor sales and, therefore, excess inventory. A high ratio implies either strong sales or ineffective buying. In graph its reflecting that company inventory turnover ratio is low than industry through out the 5 years and its a point of concern for company future growth. Company need to make new strategy for sales policy or review its sales policies for better result. Asset turnover ratio: it implies that the revenue generated on the total assets. Revenue/ total assets. Companies with low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover, those with high profit margins have low asset turnover it indicates pricing strategy This ratio is more useful for growth companies to check if in fact they are growing revenue in proportion to sales. This ratio is useful to determine the amount of sales that are generated from each peny of assets. As noted above, companies with low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover, those with high profit margins have low asset turnover. Delhi transco ltd. s asset turnover seems to be relatively low, meaning that it makes a high profit margin on its products. For companies in the retail industry you would expect a very high turnover ratio mainly because of cutthroat and competitive pricing. Gross profit Margin A financial metric used to assess a firms financial health by revealing the proportion of money left over from revenues after accounting for the cost of goods sold. Gross profit margin serves as the source for paying additional expenses and future savings. Gross margin : (Revenue – COGS)/Revenue Interpretation: This metric can be used to compare a company with its competitors. More efficient companies will usually see higher profit margin. In graph company performance is as same as industry through out the period of 5 years, its showing that company have to maintain the same policy for his future growth. Net profit margin: A ratio of profitability calculated as net income divided by revenues, or net profits divided by sales. It measures how  much out  of every rupee of sales a company actually keeps in earnings. Profit margin is very useful when comparing  companies in similar industries. A higher profit margin indicates a more profitable company that  has better control over  its costs compared to  its competitors. Also known as Net Profit Margin. Interpretation: Looking at the earnings of a company often doesnt tell the entire story. Increased earnings are good, but an increase does not mean that the profit margin of a company is improving. For instance, if a company has costs that have increased at a greater rate than sales, it leads to a lower profit margin. This is an indication that costs need to be under better control. In graph company profit margin almost same as industry for the last 5 years and its very competitive. Hence company need to make a review on its policy for future margin. Return on total assets A ratio that measures  a companys earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) against  its total net assets. The ratio is considered an indicator of how effectively a company is using its assets to generate earnings before contractual obligations must be paid. The greater a companys earnings in proportion to its assets (and the greater the coefficient from this calculation), the more effectively that company is said to be using its  assets. in the above mentioned graph indicates that company’s return on assets less then industry. so this implies that company is not properly utilisisng its assets. Return on equity : The amount of net income  returned  as a percentage  of shareholders equity. Return on equity  measures a corporations profitability  by revealing how much  profit a company generates  with the money shareholders have invested. ROE is expressed as a percentage and calculated as : Net income / Shareholders equity. Interpretation The ROE is useful  for comparing the profitability of a company to that of other firms in the same industry. There are several variations on the formula that investors may use: 1. Investors wishing to  see the return on common equity may modify the formula above by subtracting preferred dividends from net income and subtracting preferred equity from shareholders equity,  giving  the following: return on common equity (ROCE) =  net income preferred dividends / common equity. . Return on equity may also be calculated by dividing net income by average shareholders equity. In graph company return on equity is lower than industry by 10%. This is a alarming situation for company and it need to review its business policy to increase its ROE from 30% to minimum industry norms. Debt to equity : A measure of a companys financial leverage calculated by dividing  its total liabiliti es  by  stockholders equity. It indicates what proportion of equity and debt the company is using to finance its assets. Total liabilities/ Shareholders Equity Company debt equity ration is very low in comparison to industry hence from shareholders point of view company is quite safe for investment. In this analysis company’s current assets is less then current liabilities which creates adverse effect on liquidity which also harms its working capital so that why its operation is badly effected. The growth rate of net fixed assets is less than the liability this condition adversely affect the profitability margin of the company’s long term goal. EPS also decreases due to which its share value get also declined and due to this investors start deinvesting . this is bad for the positioning of the company in the stock market. The rate of COGS increases year by year which effects there profitability and operation. They have to reduce there operating cost for long tern profitability. Finding and conclusion Based on financial statement and information provided to me during my training period Company’s financial position is not appropriate and they have more liabilities in comparison to assets. and company should reduce there operating expences. orking process within the organization is not properly there should be proper time management and companies expansion also get affected due to the sharp fall in market capitalization. Fixed Assets: The company is maintaining proper record showing full particulars, including quantitative details and situation of fixed assets. b. As verification report the provision for dismantled equip ment amount to Rs 3. 10 crore has been made in the book during the year. 1. The company has made a policy during FY 2006-07 to physically verified the fixed assets in phase manner as follows: FY 2006-07 : Sub-station and transmission Assets. FY 2007-08 : Building and vehicles. FY 2008-09 : Computer and other assets. Suggestion: The frequency of physical verification is required. Inventries: a. Inventries has been physically verified during the year at Mehrauly being the main store of the company. During the year unserviceable item of Rs 1. 8 crore were identified and the same were properly dealt with in the account. b. Procedures followed by the management of physical verification of inventry are reasonable and adequate in relation to the size of the company and the nature of its bussiness. . Company id maintaining proper records of its inventrory. Loans and Advances: . The company has taken secured loan of Rs 153. 00 crore from its holding company . The payment of principle and interest are regular. Fixed Deposit: As per the information given to me the company has not accepted any deposit from the public. Internal Audit : The company has engaged the service of a practici ng firm of chartered Asccountents for internal audit for the financial year 2008-2009 on periodical basis. Cost records: Company has maintaining its cost records as per as company act 1956. Statutory Dues: a. The company is genarally regular in depositing statutory dues to the appropriate authorities. b. I were informed that there were no undisputed amount payable in respect of Provident fund, Investor education protection fund, Employees state insurance, Income tax , wealth tax, VAT , Custom Duty and excise duty, cess and any other statutory dues which were outstanding as at 31st march 2009 for a period of more than 6 month from the date they become payable. c. The company accumulated losses at the end of the financial year are more than 50 % of its net worth and it has not incurred cash losses in the current and immediate proceeding financial period. d. As informed to me , the company has not defaulted in repayment of dues to any financial institution , bank debenture holders, etc. e. the company has not granted any loans and advances on the basis of securities by way of pledge of shares, debentures and other securities. f. the company is not dealing in or trading in shares , securities , debenture and other investments. g. The company did not have any outstanding debenture during the year. h. The company has not raise any money through IPO. 8- Considering the continuous improvement of company financial position, the company is proposing the dividend @. 25% of paid up equity share capital. Therefore dividend proposed and dividend distribution tax payable thereon has been amounting to RS 9. 08 crore and Rs 1. 54 crore respectivly out of profit after tax of current year. 9 As per the Assessment order pas by IT Assessing authorities for the FY 2005-06 , the brought forward losses Rs 3537. 7 crore have been disallowed for carry forward assuming the delay in submission of returns for previous years. 10. Expenditure in Foreign Currency. Travelling expence 2009 : 41. 45 lacs 2008 : 25. 36 lacs Contingent liabilities: The contingent liabilities on account of arbitration/court cases is Rs 6432 lacs plus interest (previous year Rs 30273. 4 lacs plus interest ) against the counter claims of the company amounting t o Rs 92138. 73 lacs. 12. The Department of Income tax has raised a demand of Rs 3. 19 crore for FY 2004-05 in connection with the matter of TDS. 3. Estimated value of contract remaining to be executed on Capital Account (net of advance)and not provided for as at 31st march 2009 amount to Rs 212. 26 crore (Previous year 239. 17 crore). 14. Expences recognized during the year 2008-09. Under salaries and wages. Suggestion †¢ Time to time physical check up of financial condition †¢ There should be proper time management †¢ Auditing in presence of a team †¢ Company’s should reduce its operating cost for gaining long term profitability Reference material †¢ www. dtl. gov. in †¢ www. google . com †¢ Spandan shaktipunj Managerial accounting by R. K. Sharma †¢ The economics times †¢ The times of india Articles and report †¢ Utpal Bhaskar –â€Å"CWG could face fresh problem over power†(aug 3,2010) †¢ Accord Fintech â €“ â€Å"Areva awarded 2 major GIS Substations orders by  Delhi Transco Ltd  (DTL)†Ã‚  (  Feb 1, 2010. ) †¢ Anil Sasi â€Å"A return to power† (December 20, 2003) Himanshi Dhawan, â€Å"Put projects info online, says CIC† ( Aug 14, 2010) †¢ Bharti vohara Delhi technical institutes teachers get pay hike (july13,2010) †¢ Varun yadav –â€Å"Uninterruptible Power Supply Electricity Generation Distribution† (feb 25,2009) Atmanand -â€Å"Now, prepare for the maturation phase† (aug 9,2010) †¢ Nishtha Chugh -â€Å" Delhis power woes† (aug 14,2004) websites †¢ http://imworld. rediff. com/money/2003/dec/20spec. htm †¢ http://in. biz. yahoo. com/100808/50/baw2yo. html †¢ http://www. livemint. com/2010/08/02231210/CWG-could-face-fresh-problem-o. html †¢ http://content. magicbricks. com/400-shanties-near-delhis-barapullah-nullah-to-be-demolished †¢ http://www. hinduonnet. com/fline/fl2117/st ories/20040827001005200. htm †¢ http://www. ribuneindia. com/2007/20070415/delhi. htm#5 †¢ http://timesofindia. indiatimes. com/india/Put-projects-info-online-says-CIC/articleshow/6308546. cms †¢ http://www. indiavision. com/news/article/national/78001/ †¢ http://www. articlesbase. com/technology-articles/uninterruptible-power-supply-electricity-generation-distribution-789153. html †¢ http://www. mondaq. com/unitedstates/article. asp? articleid=89522

Bataan Death March - (Command Responsibility)

Bataan Death March - (Command Responsibility) Just hours after the Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, 40,000 Japanese troops quickly organized an attack on American soldiers stationed in the Philippines. The surprise attack forced the Americans to retreat into the peninsula of Bataan on Luzon Island. There the poorly equipped U.S. troops followed orders by General Douglas McArthur to hold out until new supplies arrived. On April 9, 1942, with no help on the way and after four months of intense fighting, the Americans, together with their Philippine allies, surrendered. About 60,000 Philippine and 12,000 U.S. troops, coupled with 30,000 civilians were forced into the most brutal series of war crimes ever committed against surrendering American or Philippine soldiers, later became known as the Bataan Death March.When General Masahuro Homma accepted the surrender he encountered more POWs than he had expected. He wanted to transport the prisoners via truck but there were too many POWs so the only way to trans port the troops was to walk.ja: æ ¥ µÃ¦  ±Ã¥â€º ½Ã©Å¡â€ºÃ¨ » Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã¨ £ Ã¥Ë† ¤Ã¥ ¸â€šÃ£Æ' ¶Ã¨ ° ·Ã¦ ³â€¢Ã¥ » · ï ¼Ë†Ã¦â€" §...The Japanese marched approximately 76,000 sick, wounded and malnourished 80 miles out of the area, so as to have a free hand in occupying the rest of the Bataan peninsula. They were forced to walk barefoot over gravel roads, until they reached an old Philippine army camp, Camp O'Donnell. The march, including a 25-mile stretch by train, lasted more than 3 weeks. The estimated number of POWs who arrived at Camp O'Donnell is about 55,000. Based on those numbers roughly 20,000 POWs died during the march; however, the estimates of how many troops were captured and how many died vary because of poor record keeping.During the trek several factors contributed to the death of the above mentioned 20,000 POWs. The prisoners were murdered from the conditions of the march such as existing wounds,

Creating a Genealogy Blog

Creating a Genealogy Blog Using a Blog to Write About Family History A blog, short for Web log, is basically a very easy-to-use Web site. No need to worry too much about creativity or code. Instead a blog is basically an online journal you just open it up and start to write which makes it a great medium for documenting your family history search and sharing it with the world. A Typical Blog Blogs share a common format, which makes it easy for readers to quickly skim for interesting or pertinent information. It its basic form, a typical blog contains: short, informational entries - generally arranged in reverse chronological ordera time and/or date for each postlinks to other blogs or Web sites for additional contentarchives of all previously posted content, sometimes arranged into categories Blogs dont have to be all text either. Most blog software makes it easy to add photos, charts, etc. to illustrate your posts. 1. Determine Your Purpose What do you want to communicate with your blog? A genealogy or family history blog can be used for many reasons to tell family stories, to document your research steps, to share your findings, to collaborate with family members or to display photos. Some genealogists have even created a blog to share daily entries from an ancestors diary, or to post family recipes. 2. Select a Blogging Platform The best way to understand the ease of blogging is to just jump right in. If you dont want to invest a lot of money in this at first, there are quite a few free blogging services on the Web, including Blogger, LiveJournal and WordPress. There are even blog hosting options geared specifically for genealogists, such as on the social networking site GenealogyWise. Alternatively, you can sign up for a hosted blogging service, such as TypePad, or pay for a standard hosted Web site and upload your own blogging software. 3. Select the Format Theme for Your Blog The best things about blogs is that they are very simple to use, but you will have to make some decisions about how you want your blog to look. color scheme and style - most blog software offers a set of pre-designed templates, so this is simply a matter of choosing the one you likecategories - Many blogs use categories to define the general theme of each post, making it easy to find all posts on a particular topic. Basically categories are an organizational scheme. You may choose to categorize by surname or by locality. Or you can categorize by topic - census, cemetery, deaths, etc. Or you can choose not to categorize your blog posts at all.your content team - if you want your blog to be a collaborative effort, then youll need to select which people you plan to give access to post to your blogcomments - If you want others to be able to post responses to your information, then you can open up comments on your blog. This makes it easy for other researchers to get in touch with you or add new information, but can sometimes attract a few crazies as well. You can always close comments if they dont work well for you. If you arent sure about some of this, dont worry. These are all decisions that can be changed and tweaked as you go. 4. Write Your First Blog Post Now that we have the preliminaries out of the way, it is time to create your first post. If you dont do a lot of writing, this will probably be the most difficult part of blogging. Break yourself into blogging gently by keeping your first posts short and sweet. Browse other family history blogs for inspiration. But try to write at least one new post every few days. 5. Publicize Your Blog Once you have a few posts on your blog, youll need an audience. Begin with an email to friends and family to let them know about your blog. If youre using a blogging service, then make sure that you turn on the ping option. This alerts the major blog directories every time you make a new post. You can also do this through sites such as Ping-O-matic. Youll also definitely want to join GeneaBloggers, where youll find yourself in good company among over 2,000 other genealogy bloggers. Consider participating in a few blog carnivals as well, such as the Carnival of Genealogy. 6. Keep it Fresh Starting a blog is the hard part, but your jobs not done yet. A blog is something you have to keep up with. You dont have to write every day, but you do need to add to it on a regular basis or people wont come back to read it. Vary what you write about to keep yourself interested. One day you can post some photos from a cemetery visit, and the next you can talk about a great new database you found online. The interactive, ongoing nature of a blog is one of the reasons it is such a good medium for genealogists - it keeps you thinking about, searching for and sharing your family history! Kimberly Powell, About.coms Genealogy Guide since 2000, is a professional genealogist and the author of Everything Family Tree, 2nd Edition (2006) and The Everything Guide to Online Genealogy (2008). Click here for more information on Kimberly Powell.

Current Trends in Cardiac Health Care Research Paper

Current Trends in Cardiac Health Care - Research Paper Example These factors include changes in mortality rates, the demographic descriptions and medical health background of a â€Å"typical† cardiac disease patient, and the types of medical treatment these patients receive. Mortality Rates Patients who are admitted to the hospital for cardiac or cardiovascular disease, including heart attack and stroke, have a mortality rate several times higher than that of general admissions. This is unsurprising, since cardiac disease is much more serious than many conditions that nevertheless require hospitalizations. On the positive side, studies have shown that the mortality rate for patients who are admitted promptly after the beginning of symptoms has been slowly but significantly declining. Statistics show that patients are more likely to admit themselves to the hospital upon signs of an urgent cardiac event; for example, though the number of heart attacks per 1000 persons in California and a decline in hospital admissions in general, there has actually been an increase in hospital admissions for heart attacks (Office of Statewide Planning and Development, 2011). This fits in with the general trend for heart attacks in hospital emergency wards that has been seen since the early 1980s. The rate of heart attack had been dropping steadily from 1980 onward, until about the middle of the 1990s, when a new test had been developed to detect heart attack. Predictably, the statistics then show the rate of heart attacks detected to rise again, but due more to the higher sensitivity of the new test and not to any actual change in the rate of heart attack in the population (Office of Statewide Planning and Development, 2011). Mortality rates for cardiac disease patients are unfortunately also affected by hospital profit and cost of care concerns. Treatment for cardiac disease is becoming a lucrative area of sub-specialization, and many smaller hospitals have begun opening cardiac ICUs and cardiac surgery departments in order to increa se their profitability (Ronning, 2007). However, the mortality and adverse event rates for patients admitted to these smaller hospitals is much higher than those of bigger, more experienced hospitals; if the trend continues, a rise in mortality rates could very well occur (Joynt, Orav, & Jha, 2011). The combination of the cutting-edge nature of cardiac care with a doctor who is unfamiliar with the field in general and does not perform many such treatments greatly affects patient outcome. This correlation has been recognized to the point that cardiac surgeons are recommended to perform a minimum number of invasive cardiac surgeries a year, in order to maintain the proper level of training and familiarity with the procedure (Tu, Austin, & Chan, 2001). Patient Demographics and History The picture of the typical heart disease or cardiac disease patient is also showing changes over time. For example, women are becoming an ever-larger percentage of admissions; in Canada by 2004, women mad e up approximately half of such admissions (Tu, Jackevicius, Lee, & Donovan, 2010). Racial percentages for cardiac-related hospitalizations have also shifted, moving some of the preponderance of patients from the Caucasian segment to other racial groups, though Caucasians still represent the majority of cardiac patients. However, this could be due to the shifting racial proportions of the entire population, and not necessarily due

Homework Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Homework - Case Study Example The employees think that they will have lesser control over their functions and that the new way of doing things is posed to lessen their influence on strategic operations of the organization. Finally, and obvious resistance to change is the lack of skills especially in computer technology. Most employees are wondering how they will cope with information systems that they barely understand. The first step in dealing with resistance to change is awareness creation among all employees. Awareness creation should take place early enough so that the employees can understand the urgency and need for the proposed change. After creating awareness, it is imperative to train employees in the necessary skills for handling computer programs. In this case, Martin should develop training programs that focus on fully equipping employees with the computer skills. Another way of dealing with resistance to change is diversifying job functions since computers will render some staff jobless. There should be initiative to encourage task diversification so that employees can handle more than one function within the

The Influence of English on My Writing Skills Essay Example for Free

The Influence of English on My Writing Skills Essay I started learning English when I was 10. I found learning foreign language very entertaining, useful and, funny. In a very short time period I learned to speak English quite good and I was able to understand American movies without subtitles. As time was passing, my English was gradually improving and after couple of years I was able to speak it fluently. When it comes to writing, however, I was struggling from the very beginning. Even though I could speak English fluently, I never was really able to print my thoughts on piece of paper. When I was in high school, the English teacher thought that level of my English was among the highest in a class. However, she would never understand my poor performance on written tasks. She was very surprised that I can speak English so well, but still perform poor on essays. In the beginning, the professor though it is due my poor writing skills in general. But, on the other side, my essay grades in Bosnian very excellent, and Bosnian teacher would speak in superlatives about me. So one day, Ana, the English teacher gave me a very interesting task. She first told me to write an essay in Bosnian, and then to use a same topic, and write it in English. I did so, and difference was massive. The Bosnian essay was excellent, and essay written in English not even close as good. We finally found out what was the problem. Although, I was speaking English very well, the most of the words I knew came from different movies and TV shows. The English I was using was mostly made of slang words an terms. It was very good for easy conversation, but not that good for writing. This was a problem that I never completely solved. Despite my writing skills were improving all the time, my English essays were never that good and far away from those written in Bosnian. When it comes to writing the language barrier was insurmountable. The great ideas and thoughts were always coming to my mind, but I was never really able to write them down in English. However, I am pretty sure that I am not the only one with this problem. I think that there are many kids, especially in non-English speaking countries, which have same problems with overcoming language barrier. They all probably have great imagination and great ideas but cannot express them on piece of paper. Overcoming this language barrier was very tough task for me, and I have not finished it yet. Never less, I will keep trying and practicing until my English becomes as good as my Bosnian. I would strongly encourage all other internationals, with same problem, to keep trying and never give up. Because, one day, when we write an English essay and our teacher cannot tell that it’s written by an international; I will know that we made it!

Death in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay -- William Shakespeare Ham

â€Å"So shall you hear of carnal, bloody, and unnatural acts, of accidental judgments, casual slaughters, of deaths put on by cunning and forced cause,† (Hamlet, Act V, Scene 2, Lines 381-384). So says Horatio, best friend of Prince Hamlet in the final few lines of the play. He speaks these words after the deaths of Hamlet, Claudius, King of Denmark, Gertrude, Queen of Denmark, and Laertes, son of Polonius. Also dead are Hamlet, King of Denmark, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, former friends of Hamlet, Polonius, councilor to the King, and Ophelia, daughter of Polonius. Death is an extremely prevalent theme in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet. However, each death is unique in circumstances, causes, and effects. Three important deaths in Hamlet were the deaths of King Hamlet, Ophelia, and Prince Hamlet. The first, and probably most important death in Hamlet, is the death of Prince Hamlet’s father, Hamlet, King of Denmark. Even though this death is not portrayed in the play, it sets off a chain of events that comprise the plot of Hamlet. Hamlet, King of Denmark died recently before the play begins. Claudius, King Hamlet’s brother, succeeded him. This upset Prince Hamlet, who thought he should be the successor. Then, in the very first scene of the play, King Hamlet’s ghost appears to some soldiers and Hamlet’s friend Horatio. The ghost does not speak to them. Horatio tells Hamlet about the ghost, and eventually the ghost appears to Hamlet and speaks with him. The ghost surprises Hamlet...

Taco Bell: Reengineering

| | |[pic] | |Taco Bell- A Reengineering Success Story | |A Reengineering Success Story | | | | | | | Contents 1. About Taco Bell3 2. The Problem Starts3 3. Reengineering to the Rescue3 4. The After Effects6 About Taco Bell The franchise, Taco Bell is an eatery that needs no introduction. Taco Bell Corp. based in Irvine, California is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, Inc. , and the United States’ leading Mexican style quick-service restaurant. Taco Bell serves tacos, burritos signature Quesadillas, grilled stuft burritos, nachos, and other specialty items such as the Crunchwrap Supreme, in addition to a wide variety of Big Bell Value Menu items. Taco Bell serves more than 2 billion consumers each year in the more than 5,800 restaurants in the US. In 2005, Taco Bell generated sales of $1. 8 billion in company restaurants and $4. 4 billion in franchise restaurants. More than 80% of their restaurants are owned and operated by independent franchisees. There are currently more than 278 restaurants operating in Canada, Guam, Aruba, Dominican Republic, Chile, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Puerto Rico, Ecuador, Asia, Europe and the Philippines. The Problem Starts In 1983, analysis showed that the Taco Bell’s total cumulative growth since 1978 was a shocking negative 16% compared to a positive 6% of the total industry. This prompted the management to pinpoint immediately what was going wrong and where. This led them to identify the following factors: †¢ Lack of business vision for the company †¢ Reliance on obsolete management and operational practices, which focused more upon the processes rather than the customers themselves †¢ Top-down structure with multiple levels of management †¢ Following traditional approaches, which assumed what customers wanted without even asking them All the above factors were resulting in slower and costlier service. Having identified some of the key areas that needed improvement, Taco Bell started reengineering itself out of troubled waters. The more they listened, the more they found out that what customers wanted was very simple- good food, served fast and hot, in a clean environment and at a price they could afford. Reengineering to the Rescue The old system of operations at Taco Bell was based upon traditional operational practices, which were grossly insufficient for the economic and business climate of the 21st Century. This entire set-up was based upon certain assumptions, which include the following: †¢ Assuming that the restaurant knew what the customer wanted without even asking them. This led them to falsely believe that the customer wanted fancier decor, broader menus, outdoor playground etc. , instead of quality food at affordable prices. Investing in large kitchen areas, which in some instances covered over 70% of the total area in the mistaken belief that it would improve customer satisfaction †¢ Operating the restaurant along the lines of a manufacturing company rather than a retail outlet. Doin g away with this concept led to the development of novel ideas like K-Minus and TACO. †¢ Believing that the only segment they could target was the one within the restaurant’s premises. This translated into $78 million, whereas outside the restaurant, the total market came to about $600 billion in the USA alone. †¢ Limiting themselves to the goal of becoming a value leader in the quick-service restaurant industry rather than the value leader for all foods for all occasions. Reengineering the setup at Taco Bell involved several steps, including: †¢ Complete reorganization of human resources †¢ Dramatic redesign of operational systems †¢ Doing away with entire levels of management †¢ Creation of jobs like â€Å"market manager† †¢ Replacing area supervisors with market managers and reducing their numbers †¢ Eliminating district managers and promoting restaurant managers †¢ Reduction in the costs of everything about the business except the cost of the food and its packaging The management process was completely and dramatically reengineered–three layers were eliminated, including the entire â€Å"district manager† supervisory level. Every job in the system was redefined. Restaurant managers were given greater latitude to run their own businesses, and ultimately became â€Å"Restaurant General Managers. † In short, Taco Bell followed only one rule during the entire process of reengineering- â€Å"Enhance those things that bring value to the customer and change or eliminate those that don’t. † With this motto their corporate vision became clearer, â€Å"We want to be number one in the share of stomach[1]. † This was a vision of the company becoming a leader in the restaurant business and not just the Mexican food business was articulated. They also changed their restaurant structure by: †¢ Limiting kitchen area from 70% to 30% †¢ Increasing the customer area from 30% to 70% †¢ Doubling the seating capacity in the area available Additionally, reengineering led Taco Bell to introduce two new methodologies, namely K-Minus and TACO (Total Automation of Company Operations). [pic] Figure 2 Taco Bell’s two new methodologies K-Minus means kitchen less restaurant, based on the nature of the company. All of their food was cooked outside the restaurant in central locations. This stemmed from the concept that food should be retailed instead of manufactured. TACO (Total Automation of Company Operations) provides each restaurant with a Marketing Information System (MIS) and empowered the employees with computer know-how. It eliminated paper-work and allowed more time to be spent on customers. It helped keep track of sales minute by minute. Such programs served as agents of change for more innovative ideas such as new and varied points of distribution (like street corners and concessions stands) etc. This case study brings forth the following conclusions: Reengineering businesses is very much a reality and is not limited to the confines of a textbook. If done properly, it can virtually turn around any business; be it consumer goods (Kodak), restaurants (Taco Bell) or financial institutions (IBM Credit). The customer must be the starting point for all reengineering methods, concepts, ideas and processes. Resistance to change must be anticipated and appropriate steps must be taken to deal with it. Every company that seeks to be reengineered should seek a motto that makes its corporate vision clear, like that of Taco Bell. The After Effects These changes have had a huge impact on the company. Taco Bell went from a failing regional Mexican -American fast food chain with $500 million in sales in 1982, to a $3 billion national company 10 years later, with a goal to expand further to $20 million. While the environment was not a factor in Taco Bell's reengineering, it has benefited through the reengineering process. For example the TACO program (Total Automation of Company Operations) provides sophisticated MIS technology for all employees, saving thousands of hours of paperwork — and thus paper — as well as promoting self-sufficiency and reducing time spent on administration. The K-Minus program, or kitchenless restaurant, established a system where the large majority of food preparation occurs at central commissaries rather than in the restaurant, pushing 15 hours of work a day out of the restaurant, improving quality control and employee morale, reducing employee accidents and injuries, and resulting in substantial savings on utilities. The K-Minus program saves Taco Bell about $7 million a year. ———————– [1] The company introduced a new performance measurement called â€Å"the total share of stomach. † Instead of measuring success as market share of the fast-food market, Taco Bell set the goal of becoming the value leader for all foods for all meal occasioned. That created a broader vision and stimulated the development of new innovations.

How should future generations contend with the French-English divide? Has this divide changed over the past 20 years, if yes how so? Essay

As a part of Quebec’s youth and up and coming younger generation I have witnessed the conflicts between the French- English divide since I could remember and it is important that the needs of both sides are full filled or at least compensated for, future generations need to focus on other issues and need to resolve the French-English divide in a fashionable matter so that both sides can work together and benefit from each other such as the increase of speaking French in schools and businesses. Cleavages are defined as â€Å"a politically significant distinction among identifiable groups in a given population† (L7, S5). Language is an important cleavage in Canadian society (L7, S6), Canada is known to being a diverse country the population consists of many different types of people, cultural backgrounds and value systems each of which should be respected and tolerated by every citizen of this country. The English-French divide has persisted over time as a result of events and decisions by governing bodies that have continued to fuel the divide (L7, S7). There are different solutions to the language issue among French and English speakers but it takes time and although the divide has changed a lot, the past 20 years we aren’t where we want to be just yet and it is up to future generations to solve this problem. Further issues such as the compact vs contract theory will be discussed and also in recent news the dispute over the Charter of values the Pauline Marois government seek to put in effect that has sprung up a dispute other issues that will be discussed are Bill 101 and the disputes over the equalization of payments that has become a major topic for discussion and a large part of the French-English division if future generations were to resolve these topics they would be one step closer to a neutral decision. The language divide has played a key part in intergovernmental policies  between the federal government and the provinces and is therefore an important part to understand. We’ve learnt throughout history that the English have often attempted to assimilate the French (L7, S8) you don’t often see the English trying to preserve the French language and this resulted in a heated battle among English and French especially in the late 1800’s and late 1900’s where the divide had intensified and almost seemed imminent. In a video demonstrated in the lecture slides (L7, S8) former premier of Quebec (2001-2003) Bernard Landry and former leader of the Parti Quà ©bà ©coise points out that 75% of Anglos in Quebec speak both French and English and almost all the younger generations speak both language and admits this is a great improvement. Part of Quebec’s problem is that you can become a citizen by speaking English or French this is a problem for the Quebecoise because people are coming from different countries with just an English background, if there was a divide they would make it so that if you were to become a Quebec resident speaking French would be mandatory. Preserving the French language has been a top priority for Quebec. The French lived in constant fear of losing their language (L7, S8) so in order to preserve the French language and culture the appropriate decision the Parti Quebecoise have decided to do is to promote separatism. There was talk of the separation of Quebec from Canada being more of a sovereignty-association, Quebec would separate but would retain a political and economic association with Canada. They would share the same currency and have some joint governments to oversee their relations. Quebec would not really be independent it would actually rely heavily on both Canada and the United States for trade. Quebec would then be able to change the language laws so that French would be the first language. This could be a good decision but there’s a large amount of English speaking Quebec citizens who disapprove. Bernard Landry points out that Quebec has improved over the years and that he has seen a lot more Anglo’s speaking French as well but he points out that it is a different issue in different provinces. Being an English speaker myself it is very encouraging and helpful that I am perfectly bilingual, being bilingual has helped me in the work force, in my studies and in my social life. These are some factors that have English speaking Quebecers  speak more French and really made an impact among English and French speakers of Quebec. In Bernard Landry’s video he talks about speaking to his cousins that live in British Columbia and displays how they have lost their French Background it is in the Parti Quebecoise best interest to prevent this from happening. As we have seen, la survivance was the notion that fuelled traditional Quebec nationalism. The Quiet Revolution gave rise to a new type of nationalism in Quebec which had a different vision of the state and its ability, through its institutions, to help the French survive (L7, S49). The French-English divide was further aggravated when the Quebec government decided to use its institutions to implement legislation to ensure the survival of the French language in Quebec. This caused a great deal of controversy in English .In an attempt to counter such nationalist language tactics and appease the French, the federal government also used its institutions to enact legislation related to language. There is no doubt that the French-English divide has been fuelled by these issues (L7, S58). After all these events had taken place the French took action into preserving the French language and culture and to implement it on all of Quebec. The Quebec Board of the French Language (OQLF) more popularly known as the ‘language police’ by the English media are probably the most feared people to business owners. In Quebec, Bill 101 implements that all visible form of writing must be in French, there are strict laws that indicate that the French words have to be visually larger than any other language as well as businesses more than 50 employees were going to have to adjust and use French as their language of business (L7, S59). Maintaining the two official languages is not cheap. Even Canada’s current Prime Minister Stephen Harper commented on the cost of bilingualism even before he was elected as the prime minister. These factors have played a major role in the changes Quebec has had over the years and I have noticed it myself. The divide has changed a lot of the years and with Pauline Marois and the Parti Quebecoise who knows what will happen next. The French and English divide is becoming less and less of a problem in Quebec although tensions have been rising lately with the PQ it is in their interest to keep the French population in Quebec happy and to keep pushing new legislations to enforce the speaking of the  French language. Although it is a great approach to preserve the language you could say that the language police have taken it a step too far at some points with disputes and attempted ban of these words in restaurants such as â€Å"pasta† and â€Å"fish n chips†. The Anglo’s have a hard time dealing with disputes such as these knowing our tax dollars are being spent on non-sense such as the banning of those words. In all I think it is important to implement that business owners change their signs and put in place a French first basis and plays a big factor in today’s language battle and it is a large reason why a lot of Quebecers are speaking French first. I myself walk in a place of business and speak French first to the clerk, when I am working myself I introduce myself in French first and I adapt to whomever I am talking too whether or not they are French or English it is important to respect the language of other people. In recent news a large dispute has sprung up with the â€Å"Charter or Values† Pauline Marois and the Parti Quebecois brought up the idea of banning religious symbols and dress codes when at work. This includes the Christian cross, Jewish and Muslim headwear, hijabs, turbans, etc. As the government expected, the plan to introduce the Chater of Value’s created street protests. Situations like these aren’t helping the French and English division it has strung up protests and aggravates the English speakers these aren’t ways to increase French speaking and culture in Quebec it had fuelled the fire in a way and bring us a step back from where we would like to be in the English – French division. The linguistic battle among French- English has improved in Quebec over the past 20 years with French being highly implemented in schools and businesses but I couldn’t say that for the rest of the provinces. These are ways to further increase the population of French speaking Canadians, future generations should focus on increasing French in schools and businesses rather than try to force the language on people with new legislations and fines. We have seen improvements over the past 20 years and that should continue if other provinces were to adapt more the French language in their place of business and in schools you would see a large increase in the population of Canada that speak French rather than just Quebec. Bibliography Bernard Landry, former Premier of Quebec (2001 – 2003) and leader of the Parti Quà ©bà ©cois (2001 – 2005 Brooks, Stephen (2004) â€Å"Canadian Democracy – An Introduction 6th edition† Oxford University Press: Toronto. PP.187-189 http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/is-pasta-french-enough-for-quebec-1.1301918

Examining The Religious Background Of Islam Religion Essay Essays

Examining The Religious Background Of Islam Religion Essay Essays Examining The Religious Background Of Islam Religion Essay Essay Examining The Religious Background Of Islam Religion Essay Essay Islam is an Arabic word that means entry . Acquiesce to Allah ( God ) , and his orders. Islam besides comes from the Arabic word salam which means peace ( Islam City ) . Muslims believe in one God, in Angels ( Islam City ) , they believe in Mohammed as the prophesier, and one sanctum text ( Royesh ) . However after the decease of the Prophet Mohammed, Islam split into two. The Sunni, and the Shia. Sunni are considered as the Orthodox Islam ( Jabber Feed ) . They claim they follow the right way. Whereas Shia means party believing that they are the Party of Ali ( Thompson 14 ) . The split was caused over a political difference ( Jabber Feed ) . The argument was on who will take the Muslim state ( About.com ) . The leaders were known as Caliphs which mean replacements. They were considered themselves as swayer under God, instead than male monarchs and emperors ( Thompson 13 ) . Although there swayers were close friends of the prophesier, they were e lected by the people ( Thompson 13 ) . The first Caliph was voted to be Abu Bakr. This caused choler within some of the people, because they believed that Ali, Mohammad s cousin/son-in-law deserved to be the Caliph ( About.com ) . The Shia s believed that Mohammad owes Ali since his male parent ( Mohammad s uncle ) took attention of Mohammed, after his parents decease. Besides, Ali is considered to be the closest to the prophesier because he married Mohammad s girl ( Thompson13 ) . The Shia s were angry, although Ali became a Caliph, and was considered as one of the first four Caliph, he was a replacement after 24 twelvemonth, which cause the major split ( Thompson 13 ) . Shia/Sunni: The Similarities and Differences Moslems, all believe in one God, Mohammed as their prophesier, and the holy text. All Muslims worship together, and may intermarry ( Thompson 14 ) . However there are differences that occur. The Sunni s base their spiritual pattern on ahadith . Ahadith are narrated by the Prophets comrades, and depict the Prophetss life, and religious beliefs ( About.com ) . The Shia nevertheless base their faith on Ahadith that are narrated by Ali and Fatima, that are about relations of the prophesier. Therefore doing their religious beliefs to differ ( About.com ) . The Sunni and Shia carry through their wudu and supplication otherwise. Sunni pray five times a twenty-four hours, with specific timings, while Shia tend to diminish their supplication to three times a twenty-four hours, every bit good as uniting their supplications ( Amin ) . Besides Sunni and Shia complete their supplications otherwise. Sunni s pray and put their brow straight on a supplication mat, while Shia brows are placed on a hardened clay. ( Amin ) . The Caliphs after the Prophet, are non considered in the Shia group. Alternatively they have their ain line of Immam s ( Religious leaders ) . From that the Shias spilt into groups. Some Shia believe that there were 12 Immams, and others believe there were seven. These groups were known as the Twelver s and Sevener s ( Thompson14 ) . Although there are differences, Shia and Sunni have coexisted with each other. There have been little differences throughout history. But the struggles did non curtail the groups to populate individually. Shia and Sunni, have lived in the same states ( Royesh ) . Sunni being the bulk, holding 85 % of the universe Muslim population, and Shia have 15 % ( Jabber Feed ) . These two groups consider themselves both as Muslim, they do non separate themselves. ( About.com ) . The segregation that occur, is merely because of their religious beliefs. Nonetheless Sunni and Shia have cohabited since the beginning ( Royesh ) . Religions In Afghanistan In Afghanistan there are many minority faiths such as Sikh, Jewish, Christians. But the chief faith that coexists in this state is Islam ( Afghanistan Peace Organization ) . The other faiths, are scattered around the state, and have largely entered and left Afghanistan as bargainers. Other faiths have immigrated, and lived in urban Centres, but due to civil differences that have occurred during the twelvemonth of 1985, they have emigrated out of the state. Thus Islam in Afghanistan remains the dominant faith by far, and has no competitions ( Jabber Feed ) . Politicss and Islam Before 1979, the workss and policies of the monarchy system in Afghanistan, were relied on faith. The elites would sit beside the solon, and assist warrant the regulations ( Royesh ) . For societal influence these elites got political power backup and support. A societal rebellion occurred due to Communist Coup and rough behaviors of the Communist government. This gave the spiritual elites to name a Jihad. Therefore deriving the leading place ( Royesh ) . In 1992 Islamic parties entered Kabul, and the Communist government were destroyed. This created a bloody civil war that resulted in deceases, and a country-side lawlessness and anarchy. This was the start of the Taliban entrance ( Royesh ) . They forced Religious Torahs upon the people, and made the authorities pure Islamic. But after 2001 when the Taliban were overthrown, spiritual elites have reentered into the authorities ( Royesh ) . Work Cited Amin, Hussein. The Origins of the Sunni/Shia split in Islam. Islam For Today. Hussein Abdulwaheed Amin, 16/o8/2007. Web. 13 May 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.islamfortoday.com/shia.htm gt ; . Cooley, John. Unholy Wars. Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism. 2nd Edition. London, UK: Pluto Imperativeness, 1999. 63. Print. Facts About Afghanistan. Afghanistan Peace Organization Afghanistan Peace Organization, 2010. Web. 11 May 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.afghanistan.org/ gt ; . Religion in Afghanistan. Jabber Feed. Jabberfeed, 14/04/2010. Web. 11 May 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //jabberfeed.com/2010/04/14/religion- in-afghanistan/ gt ; . Royesh, Aziz. Intervew by Eleni, Omar, Banan. 06/05/2010. 2. Print. Thompson, Jan. World Religions. Islam. 4th Edition. Vancouver, B.C: Whitecap Books, 2004. 13-14. Print. Understanding Islam and Muslims. Islam City. Islam City, 1989. Web. 13 May 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.islamicity.com/mosque/uiatm/un_islam.htm gt ; . What s the Difference Between Shia and Sunni Moslems? . About.com. About.com, 2010. Web. 11 May 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //islam.about.com/cs/divisions/f/shia_sunni.htm gt ; .

Analysis of Argentina Balance of Payments

The economic situation of Argentina was interesting between 1998 and 2007. However, it can be assumed that the worst year of the Argentinean economy was 2002. Before 1998, some factors such as a huge debt reaching 55% of the GDP, a currency pegged to the US $, the â€Å"Tequila† crisis in 1995, the devaluation of Mexican and Brazilian currencies, were responsible of the crisis Firstly we compared trade and GDP, to obtain the trade openness ratio. It increased strongly in 2002, due to a high increase in trade (133% 2001 to 2002) compared to the GDP that declined 11bp. The relatively high level of trade openness registered in 2002: 10. 08%, is based on the steep drop in imports 56%, related to the peso devaluation. As the peso stabilized and GDP undertook an ascending trend trade openness bounced back to low level again. Secondly, the balance of payments of Argentina can be analyzed in order to compare the exports to the GDP. The trade index of the country is under 20% until 2005, which is lower than the Global Trade Index at this time (30%). Nevertheless, it increased to reach a better level in 2007 (25%). For the valuation of the liquidity level, we compared the reserves to the imports, in volume and number of days. Since 1998, it is decreasing, sharply in 2001 and 2002, then recovering a better level between 20% and 30%. Therefore we can not consider that 4 months of reserves to be sufficient for maintaining a good level of liquidity, it’s a bit lower than the 6 months objective. In 2006, reserves influenced by the crisis in Mexico, dropped to 10%. To assess the debt service, we assumed a 5% interest rate, applied to interest payments and exceptional financing. Debt declined in terms of export multiplies especially due to the rise in exports and not to reimbursements. The highly indebted Argentina actually resorted to IMF financing and additional loans in 2001, when confronted with $3bn capital flight. Fluctuating between 900% in 1998 and 380% in 2007, the debt service ratio, far away from the optimal level of 33% , clearly emphasizes the state’s debt burden. The interest ratio is high, but still decreasing jointly with the debt, reaching a sane level below 0,25 in 2006 and 2007. Still this figure is actually deceiving, the interest ratio plunging due to ascending exports and not decreasing debt service. All liquidity indicators point out to a disappointing position for Argentina, still the reimbursements made in the recent years and the IMF account clearing entice improvements at this level. We can notice a huge change, in the current account since 2002. The negative current account which lasted for several years, had been replaced by a positive one in 2002. This change was attributable to the big decision of switching from a pegged currency (to the US$), to a floating currency. Consequently, the Argentinean peso was devalued. On a current account view, this means less imports, and an increase of the exports. Actually the volume of the exports didn’t take off the day when the decision of devaluating the Argentinean peso, but 2 years after. This phenomenon could be explained by the J curve theory. 2001 was a turning point in the history of Argentina. Forecasting the devaluation of the peso, investors revised their position towards the Argentinean market, foreign direct investment dropping by 80% from 2000 and 2001. This way FDI decreased drastically its role as a financing source (before 2001, Argentina was financing between 5 and 10% of its debt by the Foreign Direct Investment). Faced with such a drastic cut in foreign direct investment and portfolio investment, Argentina issued additional debt worth $ 10 bn. Over the last ten years Argentina experienced serious turbulence in its financial position that has negatively impacted its state rating and fuelled even more financial distress. Still, in recent years, rescue came and it was in the form of economic growth. This restored investors’ confidence, translating into higher absolute FDI inflows, and allowed for debt restructuring. With an outstanding debt of $6 bn towards the Venezuelean government, obligations of $ 500 m in the international debt market and a state rating of B (Moody’s), any investment in the Argentinean market will carry high risk that might not necessarily be offset by a high return. For the time being, we recommend not investing in Argentina.